【睡眠经济学】Snoozing geysers睡眠如泉涌

From Economist
) v" B- m% l/ }* x0 ]3 x- w[2012.07.28]Snoozing geysers 睡眠如泉涌
- E" h/ f6 R3 N4 u& q5 N. e: k/ S, qhttp://www.ecolion.cn/thread-72728-1-1.html

Economics of sleep
% u& L/ t* F5 n8 c5 a# C睡觉经济学

" l, j8 S& E, K5 ~) }' B1 ASnoozing geysers
睡眠如泉涌

Crisis-stricken Icelanders drink less and sleep more
经济危机下冰岛人喝酒减少睡眠增加
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3 ^$ w3 o; P- G: I9 _5 }1 T; hJul 28th 2012 | from the print edition
3 m; }1 p0 B4 m( s7 i- dWEALTH clearly parts company with health if it makes you nervier, boozier or fatter. But finding data to prove the links is tricky. A new paper* for America’s National Bureau of Economic Research by Tinna Laufey Asgeirsdottir of the University of Iceland and her colleagues has given some unusually precise answers.
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如果财富能够使你变得更加紧张、好酒和肥胖，那说明财富和健康还是有点关系的，但是要找出数据来证明它们之间的联系还是比较困难。冰岛大学的Tinna Laufey Asgeirsdottir和他同事在美国国家经济研究局的一份新论文中给出了比较确切的答案。

Until autumn 2008 Iceland’s economy was happily frothing with borrowed money. Bank deposits were 14 times larger than the country’s GDP. In the space of a few weeks it collapsed. Iceland defaulted and nationalised its banks; the currency plunged by 36%. Businesses collapsed and many households lost their savings. GDP fell from peak to trough by 15%. Incomes plunged and anxiety levels soared.

3 A4 ?; d+ y9 t8 k/ N7 r直到2008年的秋天，冰岛经济在借贷资本下，泡沫不断增长但也相安无事，银行存款达到了GDP的14倍，但在几周之内冰岛经济轰然倒塌，政府违约并把银行国有化，货币贬值达到了36%。商业体系也完全崩溃，很多家庭的积蓄也化为乌有，GDP一下从巅峰滑到低谷下降了15%，收入降低，焦虑等级骤然上升。
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8 }; [- q2 [3 \+ iThat was sad for Icelanders but nice for economists. It gave a useful and rare example of the effects of a big, sharp and general economic shock. What the authors term their “clean and well-stocked laboratory” also includes detailed information on the health and lifestyle of a representative sample of 9,807 Icelanders, surveyed in 2007 and again in 2009.

这对冰岛人来说很悲哀，但对经济学家来说却是一个很好的机会，它展现了在庞大而剧烈的宏观经济冲击下所产生的影响，这个样本有用而难得，就像作者直接称呼它为“干净且备货充足的实验室”，在2007和2009年分别对9807名冰岛人进行了一次调查，这些代表性样本还包括他们保健和生活方式的详细信息。
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! x; ]8 F" e( A9 o/ wThe study measured 11 forms of behaviour, including the use of alcohol, tobacco, indoor tanning, sugary drinks and snacks; and (on the positive side) sleep, exercise and fresh food. One finding (see chart) is that all unhealthy forms of behaviour fell, especially among those of working age. That may reflect falling income levels (alcohol is notoriously pricey in Iceland). People ate less confectionery and fast food (though that also may reflect what the authors call “extreme supply-side changes”, as McDonald’s closed its Icelandic branches). But their diets worsened overall (Iceland produces little fresh food, and imports became costly).
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5 q; H2 F0 C" a% O8 W( j这份研究通过11份行为表格进行考量，包括对酒精、烟草、室内日光浴、软性饮料和小吃的使用，还有（积极方面的）睡觉、锻炼和新鲜食品。其中一个发现就是所有不健康的行为都减少了（见图），特别是那些还在参加工作的人，这可能反映出他们的收入水平在降低（在冰岛酒不是一般的贵）。人品对甜点和快餐的食用也有所减少（尽管这也可能反映出作者所说的“极端供应方的变化”，比如麦当劳关闭了在冰岛的分店），但是他们的饮食从总体上来说变得更加恶化（冰岛只生产少量的新鲜食品，并且进口食品很昂贵）。

On the plus side, the incidence of marriage rose. (Ms Asgeirsdottir herself wed her long-term partner: for love, she stresses.) Icelanders worked fewer hours. Their worries did not keep them awake—time spent asleep increased, particularly for men. That may reflect the opportunity cost: in a boom skimping on sleep may mean you can earn more (though, like many things that seem a good idea at the time, the true costs may show up later). Now economists are licking their lips at the feast of new data that will doubtless emerge from woes elsewhere in Europe.

! h( ]7 {2 \0 O' `% C# q从比较积极的方面来说，冰岛人的结婚率增加了。（Asgeirsdottir女士与她长期一起工作的同事结了婚，并强调他们是为爱而走到一起）。冰岛人工作的时间减少了，但他们的焦虑并没有影响到睡眠——睡眠时间反而增加了（特别是男人）。这可能反映出机会成本：在经济繁荣的时候减少睡眠可能意味着你会赚的更多（很多人在那时候都认为这是个好主意，尽管到头来真实成本还是会显现出来）。毫无疑问，欧洲其他还会出现这种恐慌，经济学家们正舔正嘴唇等着享受这一份数据大餐呢。

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Are Recessions Good for Your Health Behaviors? Impacts of the Economic Crisis in Iceland
$ u! a) ?* Q% u0 O$ ~3 Y: m  Zhttp://www.nber.org/papers/w18233