Ten Simple Rules for a Good Poster Presentation

EpiMan有奖翻译：预期奖励，每个TenSimpleRules1+威望，100+金钱，欢迎踊跃认领。

Thomas C. Erren[sup][sup]*[/sup][/sup][sup][/sup], Philip E. Bourne


Funding. The authors received no specific funding for this article.
Competing interests. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation: Erren TC, Bourne PE (2007) Ten Simple Rules for a Good Poster Presentation. PLoS Comput Biol 3(5): e102 doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030102
Published: May 25, 2007
Copyright: ? 2007 Erren and Bourne. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Thomas C. Erren is with the Institute and Policlinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Cologne, Lindenthal, Germany. Philip E. Bourne is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tim.erren@uni-koeln.de

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Posters are a key component of communicating your science and an important element in a successful scientific career. Posters, while delivering the same high-quality science, offer a different medium from either oral presentations [1] or published papers [2], and should be treated accordingly. Posters should be considered a snapshot of your work intended to engage colleagues in a dialog about the work, or, if you are not present, to be a summary that will encourage the reader to want to learn more. Many a lifelong collaboration [3] has begun in front of a poster board. Here are ten simple rules for maximizing the return on the time-consuming process of preparing and presenting an effective poster.
Rule 1: Define the Purpose
The purpose will vary depending on the status and nature of the work being presented, as well as the intent. Some posters are designed to be used again and again; for example, those making conference attendees aware of a shared resource. Others will likely be used once at a conference and then be relegated to the wall in the laboratory. Before you start preparing the poster, ask yourself the following questions: What do you want the person passing by your poster to do? Engage in a discussion about the content? Learn enough to go off and want to try something for themselves? Want to collaborate? All the above, or none of the above but something else? Style your poster accordingly.
Rule 2: Sell Your Work in Ten Seconds
Some conferences will present hundreds of posters; you will need to fight for attention. The first impressions of your poster, and to a lesser extent what you might say when standing in front of it, are crucial. It is analogous to being in an elevator and having a few seconds to peak someone's interest before they get off. The sad truth is that you have to sell your work. One approach is to pose your work as addressing a decisive question, which you then address as best you can. Once you have posed the question, which may well also be the motivation for the study, the focus of your poster should be on addressing that question in a clear and concise way.
Rule 3: The Title Is Important
The title is a good way to sell your work. It may be the only thing the conference attendee sees before they reach your poster. The title should make them want to come and visit. The title might pose a decisive question, define the scope of the study, or hint at a new finding. Above all, the title should be short and comprehensible to a broad audience. The title is your equivalent of a newspaper headline—short, sharp, and compelling.
Rule 4: Poster Acceptance Means Nothing
Do not take the acceptance of a poster as an endorsement of your work. Conferences need attendees to be financially viable. Many attendees who are there on grants cannot justify attending a conference unless they present. There are a small number of speaking slots compared with attendees. How to solve the dilemma? Enter posters; this way everyone can present. In other words, your poster has not been endorsed, just accepted. To get endorsement from your peers, do good science and present it well on the poster.
Rule 5: Many of the Rules for Writing a Good Paper Apply to Posters, Too
Identify your audience and provide the appropriate scope and depth of content. If the conference includes nonspecialists, cater to them. Just as the abstract of a paper needs to be a succinct summary of the motivation, hypothesis to be tested, major results, and conclusions, so does your poster.
Rule 6: Good Posters Have Unique Features Not Pertinent to Papers
The amount of material presented in a paper far outweighs what is presented on a poster. A poster requires you to distill the work, yet not lose the message or the logical flow. Posters need to be viewed from a distance, but can take advantage of your presence. Posters can be used as a distribution medium for copies of associated papers, supplementary information, and other handouts. Posters allow you to be more speculative. Often only the titles or at most the abstracts of posters can be considered published; that is, widely distributed. Mostly, they may never be seen again. There is the opportunity to say more than you would in the traditional literature, which for all intents and purposes will be part of the immutable record. Take advantage of these unique features.
Rule 7: Layout and Format Are Critical
Pop musician Keith Richards put the matter well in an interview with Der Spiegel [4]: “If you are a painter, then the most important thing is the bare canvas. A good painter will never cover all the space but will always leave some blank. My canvas is silence.” Your canvas as poster presenter is also white space. Guide the passerby's eyes from one succinct frame to another in a logical fashion from beginning to end. Unlike the literature, which is linear by virtue of one page following another, the reader of a poster is free to wander over the pages as if they are tacked to the poster board in a random order. Guide the reader with arrows, numbering, or whatever else makes sense in getting them to move from one logical step to another. Try to do this guiding in an unusual and eye-catching way. Look for appropriate layouts in the posters of others and adopt some of their approaches. Finally, never use less than a size 24 point font, and make sure the main points can be read at eye level.
Rule 8: Content Is Important, but Keep It Concise
Everything on the poster should help convey the message. The text must conform to the norms of sound scientific reporting: clarity, precision of expression, and economy of words. The latter is particularly important for posters because of their inherent space limitations. Use of first-rate pictorial material to illustrate a poster can sometimes transform what would otherwise be a bewildering mass of complex data into a coherent and convincing story. One carefully produced chart or graph often says more than hundreds of words. Use graphics for “clear portrayal of complexity” [5], not to impress (and possibly bewilder) viewers with complex artistry. Allow a figure to be viewed in both a superficial and a detailed way. For example, a large table might have bold swaths of color indicating relative contributions from different categories, and the smaller text in the table would provide gritty details for those who want them. Likewise, a graph could provide a bold trend line (with its interpretation clearly and concisely stated), and also have many detailed points with error bars. Have a clear and obvious set of conclusions—after the abstract, this is where the passerby's eyes will wander. Only then will they go to the results, followed by the methods.
Rule 9: Posters Should Have Your Personality
A poster is a different medium from a paper, which is conventionally dry and impersonal. Think of your poster as an extension of your personality. Use it to draw the passerby to take a closer look or to want to talk to you. Scientific collaboration often starts for reasons other than the shared scientific interest, such as a personal interest. A photo of you on the poster not only helps someone find you at the conference when you are not at the poster, it can also be used to illustrate a hobby or an interest that can open a conversation.
Rule 10: The Impact of a Poster Happens Both During and After the Poster Session
When the considerable effort of making a poster is done, do not blow it on presentation day by failing to have the poster achieve maximum impact. This requires the right presenter–audience interaction. Work to get a crowd by being engaging; one engaged viewer will attract others. Don't badger people, let them read. Be ready with Rule 2. Work all the audience at once, do not leave visitors waiting for your attention. Make eye contact with every visitor.
Make it easy for a conference attendee to contact you afterward. Have copies of relevant papers on hand as well as copies of the poster on standard-sized paper. For work that is more mature, have the poster online and make the URL available as a handout. Have your e-mail and other demographics clearly displayed. Follow up with people who come to the poster by having a signup sheet.
The visitor is more likely to remember you than the content of your poster. Make yourself easy to remember. As the host of the work presented on the poster, be attentive, open, and curious, and self-confident but never arrogant and aggressive. Leave the visitors space and time—they can “travel” through your poster at their own discretion and pace. If a visitor asks a question, talk simply and openly about the work. This is likely your opportunity to get feedback on the work before it goes to publication. Better to be tripped up in front of your poster than by a reviewer of the manuscript.
Good posters and their presentations can improve your reputation, both within and outside your working group and institution, and may also contribute to a certain scientific freedom. Poster prizes count when peers look at your resume.
These ten rules will hopefully help you in preparing better posters. For a more humorous view on what not to do in preparing a poster, see [6], and for further information, including the opportunity to practice your German, see [7].

                               
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Acknowledgments
Thomas Erren's contributions to this piece are based on [7] and were stimulated by exchanges with Michael Jacobsen. Thanks also to Steven E. Brenner for useful input.

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引用第4楼kangjufang于2008-03-26 21:49发表的 :
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Funding. The authors received no specific funding for this article. 没有专项基金
Competing interests. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 作者声明不存在利益冲突
Citation: Erren TC, Bourne PE (2007) Ten Simple Rules for a Good Poster Presentation. PLoS Comput Biol 3(5): e102 doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030102
引文：成功讲解海报的十项简单法则
Published: May 25, 2007
发表：2007年5月25日
Copyright: ? 2007 Erren and Bourne. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Thomas C. Erren is with the Institute and Policlinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Cologne, Lindenthal, Germany. Philip E. Bourne is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tim.erren@uni-koeln.de
海报是将你的研究成果与别人交流过程中的关键部分，成功科研生涯的重要元素。海报无论从口头讲演[1]或以文献发表的形式都提供了一个不同的媒介，却同样传递着高质量的科学信息。 [2]你的海报可以被看成是一张张试图在工作中与同事沟通的快照，即使你不在场，也同样能够使读者有去了解的想法。多数毕生的合作都是以一张海报开始的。准备和展示一个高效的海报是要消耗时间的，那么如何能够最大化在消耗时间的过程中所得到的回报，以下列出了十条简单的法则。
法则1 ：明确目标
目标会因展示工作的情况、性质、内容而异。一些海报设计后会一次再一次的被使用。例如，让与会者了解到共享资源。其他的可能只会在一次会议中使用，之后就被丢弃在角落里。在你开始准备海报之前，问一下你自己以下这些问题：你希望那些在看过你海报之后的人做些什么？关于一个内容的讨论？学习更多的东西并尝试？想要合作？所有上面提到的，或者其他没有提到的？相应的决定你的海报的形式。
法则2：在十秒钟内卖出你的工作（在十秒钟内让大家知道你讲解的内容）
因为有些会议会展出成百上千幅的海报；你就要争取到大家的注意。第一印象、很少的内容让站在海报面前的人知道你想表达的内容是至关重要的。就像在电梯里面要在某人走出去之前，用很短的时间挑起某人的兴趣是一样的。问题在于你一定要秀出你的东西。一个方法就是抛出一个决定性的问题，这个问题能够让你发挥到最好。一旦你提出的问题是研究的动机，海报的焦点就会清晰、简明的转移到那个问题上面来。
法则3：标题很重要
标题是一个秀出你内容的好的方法。它可能是与会者在他们了解到你海报之前的唯一的东西。标题应该使他们产生想要走进看看的想法。标题可能提出一个问题，明确研究范围或是蕴藏一个新的发现。综上所述，标题对于广大观众应该简短、容易理解。标题就相当于报纸的大标题-简短、犀利、夺人耳目。
法则4：不用考虑海报的可接受性
不要把工作的重心放在海报的可接受性上面。大会需要与会者是充满生机的。很多受到赞助的与会者很难决定是否去参加会议除非让他们作演讲。与与会者相比，讲演者数量很少。怎样解决这个问题？介入海报，通过这种方法，每个人都能够做演讲。换句话说，你的海报还没有被支持，仅仅是接受。从同你一起参展的人那里得到支持，仔细认真展示优质的东西在你的海报上面。
法则5：写出一篇好的文章来申请海报也有很多秘诀。
先判断你的观众群以准备出合适的范围和内容的深度。如果与会者中有非专家，要考虑迎合他们。就像文章的摘要需要包含有动机、即将测试的假设、结果和结论一样，你的海报也是如此。
法则6：优质海报需要的是特质而不是中肯。
在文章中写出的内容所涵盖的材料要远远的多于海报所展示出来的内容。一个海报要求你萃取出内容的精华，还不丢失信息或逻辑。海报需要远观却能够展示出你的优点。海报可以作为联合文章副本，补充信息和其他手稿的文献媒介。海报允许你更具理论性。通常，仅仅是题目或至少是海报的摘要就能够被发表，由此可见他的贡献有多广泛。大多时候，他们可能再也不会被看到。让你有机会比在传统的文学中说得更多，这还将成为永久记录的一部分。利用好这些特质吧。
法则7：框架和格式很重要
流行乐手 Keith Richards与Der Spiegel进行了很好的面谈：如果你是一个画家，稀珍的油画就是对他最重要的东西。一个好的画家从来不会把所有的空间画满，总会留些空白。我的油画是沉默。“你的海报也是一片白色的空间。领导过客的眼睛以一种逻辑的方式从一个简洁的框架到另外一个，从始至终。”不像文化是由一页接着一页的品德排列下来的，海报的读者可以自由的徜徉在页与页之间就像他们被随机的拖到海报那里。用箭头，编号领导读者，或是无论其他什么能够使他们从一个台阶移向另外一个。试着去用一个不寻常的方式和抓住眼球的方式来实现这些引领。寻找其他海报中合适的框架并采取他们的一些方法。最后，不要用小于24号的字，确保主要的观点能够很容易被读出。
法则8：内容很重要，但是要保持简明
海报上的每一部份都紧贴中心思想。内容必须符合可靠的科学报告的形式：表达清晰准确，话语简洁。因为他们的内在空间的限制，前者对于海报尤其重要。用优等的绘画资料来张显海报有时候能够使本来令人困惑杂乱无章的数据转变成贴切的有信服力的故事。一个经过仔细制作的表或是图往往比长篇的文字要说的清楚。是由图片“将复杂的陈述清楚化”，而不是使用高难的艺术效果去表达。让一个图案通过表面的和细节的方式出现。例如，一张大的图表固然气势雄伟，小图表中的内容却可能为那些需要它们的人提供强有力的细节。同样一张图可能提供一个曲线图（清晰明了的陈述意思），并用误差图表示出很多细节的地方。要有一个清晰显著的结论-在摘要之后，这是参观者的视线将会浏览到的地方。只有看完了这些之后，他们才会注意方法和结果。
法则9：海报还应该包含你的个性
海报不同于枯燥，死板，没有个人风格的文献。把你的海报当成是你个人性格的延伸。用它去吸引路人想要进一步接近他进而想要和你交谈。科学的合作经常往往是由于一些对人的兴趣而不是其他科学方面的共同爱好所发起的。你的海报上面的一张照片不仅仅能够让人在你即使没站在海报旁边也会在会议上把你找到，它更显示出一个能够引发一段对话的习惯和兴趣。
法则10：一张海报在展出当时和展出之后所产生的效应
当制作海报付出了一定的努力时，不要指望在做演讲的当天就获得最大的影响。这需要好的演讲者和观众的互动。通过努力获得观众，一个得体的外观会吸引到其他人。不要打扰读者，让他们自己阅读。准备好法则2。同时让所有的观众开动不要让参观者等着你的注意。与每位参观者保持视线接触。让每一位与会者感到你是容易接触的。把相关的文献拷贝一份拿在手上，以及用标准纸张打印的海报。对于工作来说，这更加的成熟，将海报上传到网上作为讲义，确保URL可用。清楚地列出你的EMAIL和人数统计。为那些来看海报的人提供注册的清单。
比起海报的内容，参观者似乎更容易记住你。让你自己更容易被人记住。作为工作者出现在海报上面，要做到周到、开放、细致、自信，但是不要自大和挑衅。留给参观者们空间和时间-他们能够通过你的海报得到他们自己的结论和步调。如果参观者提出问题，请简单、大方的谈及你的工作。这是在它发表之前你获得反馈信息的机会。最好在你的海报前走动，而不是看着稿子。
优质的海报和对他们精彩的讲解能够提高你的声誉，不仅在你的工作的小组或是机构之内乃至外部都会有很好的效果，更可能贡献出某种科学的自由。当同僚们看到你的简历时，就考虑是否给你的海报提供奖励。
希望这十条法则会为你准备海报提供帮助。如果想追求幽默感，请看法则六，如果追求更多的信息量包括去显示你的严谨的机会，请遵守法则七。
Acknowledgments
Thomas Erren's contributions to this piece are based on [7] and were stimulated by exchanges with Michael Jacobsen. Thanks also to Steven E. Brenner for useful input.
致谢
Thomas Erren在法则七的帮助，与Michael Jacobsen的交流积累。同样感谢Steven E. Brenner的投入，产生了很大帮助。

were stimulated by exchanges with Michael Jacobsen翻译为 与Michael Jacobsen交流收到的启发/灵感 是否更好？